Jewish Military Union

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Jewish Military Union

Żydowski Związek Wojskowy (ŻZW, Polish for Jewish Military Union) was an underground resistance organization operating during World War II in the area of the Warsaw Ghetto which fought during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. It was formed primarily of former officers of the Polish Army in late 1939, soon after the start of the German occupation of Poland.[1]

Due to its close ties with the all-national Armia Krajowa (AK), after the war the Communist authorities of Poland suppressed the publication of books and articles on ŻZW, whose role in the uprising in the ghetto was undervalued,[2] as opposed to the Jewish organization Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (Jewish Fighting Organization) with less direct ties to the Polish AK.

Contents

History

Formation

The ŻZW was formed some time in November 1939, immediately after the German and Soviet conquest of Poland. Among its founding members was Dawid Mordechaj Apfelbaum,[3] a pre-war Lieutenant of the Polish Army,[4] who proposed to his former superior, Captain Henryk Iwański, the formation of a Jewish en cadre resistance as an integral part of the general Polish resistance being formed at that time. At the end of December such an organization was indeed formed and received the name of Żydowski Związek Walki. On January 30, 1940, its existence was approved by General Władysław Sikorski, the Polish commander in chief and the prime minister of the Polish Government in Exile

Initially consisting of only 39 men, each armed with a Vis pistol, with time it had grown to become one of the most numerous and most notable Jewish resistance organizations in Poland. Between 1940 and 1942 additional cells were formed in most major towns of Poland, including the most notable groups in Lublin, Lwów and Stanisławów. Although initially formed entirely by professional soldiers, with time it also included members of pre-war right wing Jewish-Polish parties such as Betar (among them Perec Laskier, Lowa Swerin, Paweł Frenkel, Merediks, Langleben and Rosenfeld), Hatzohar (Joel Białobrow, Dawid Wdowiński) (Political Chair), and the revisionist faction of the Polish Zionist Party (Leib "Leon" Rodal and Meir Klingbeil).[2]

The ŻZW was formed in close ties with Iwański's organization and initially focused primarily on acquisition of arms and preparation of a large-scale operation in which all of its members could escape to Hungary, from where they wanted to flee to join the Polish Armed Forces in the West. With time however it was decided that the members stay in occupied Poland to help organize the struggle against the occupiers. In the later period the ŻZW focused on acquisition of arms for the future struggle as well as on helping the Jews to escape the ghettos, created in almost every town in German-held Poland. Thanks to the close ties with the Związek Walki Zbrojnej and then the AK (mainly through Iwański's Security Corps, the Polish underground police force), the ŻZW received a large number of guns and armaments, as well as training of their members by professional officers. Those resistance organizations also provided help with weapons and ammunition acquisition, as well as with organizing the escapes.[4]

Although the ŻZW was active in a number of towns in Poland, its major headquarters remained in Warsaw. When most of the Jewish inhabitants were forced into the Warsaw Ghetto, the ŻZW remained in contact with the outside world through Iwański and a number of other officers on the Aryan side. By the summer of 1942, the League had 320 well-armed[5] members in Warsaw alone.[6] During the first large deportation from the Warsaw Ghetto, the ŻZW received the news of the German plans and managed to hide most of its members in bunkers, which resulted in less than 20 of them being arrested by the Germans. Although Dawid Mordechaj Apfelbaum could not convince Adam Czerniaków to start an armed uprising against the Germans during the deportation, the organization managed to preserve most of its members - and assets. It also started to train more members and by January 1943 it already had roughly 500 men at arms in Warsaw alone. In addition, the technological department of the ŻZW, together with Capt. Cezary Ketling's group of the PLAN resistance organization managed to dig two secret tunnels under the walls of the ghetto, providing contact with the outside and allowing smuggling of arms into the ghetto.[4]

Structure

The military leader of the ŻZW at the time of the uprising was Dr. Paweł Frenkiel,[7] and its political leader (Zionist Revisionist), Dr. David Wdowiński.[6] The organization was divided onto groups of five soldiers. Three groups formed a unit, four units formed a platoon and four platoons - a company, composed of roughly 240 men. In early January 1943 the ŻZW had two entirely manned and fully armed companies and two additional en cadre companies, to be manned by newly arrived volunteers when need arises. This indeed happened in April 1943, though the actual number of ŻZW soldiers to take part in the Uprising is a matter of debate.[2] Apart from the fighting groups, the ŻZW was organized into several departments:.[2][6]

Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

During the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising ŻZW is said to have had about 400 well-armed fighters grouped in 11 units. ŻZW fought together with AK fighters in Muranowska street (4 units under Frenkel). Dawid M. Apfelbaum took position in Miła street. Heniek Federbusz group organized a strong pocket of resistance in a house near Zamenhoff street. Jan Pika unit took position in Miła street, while unit of Leizer Staniewicz fought in the Nalewki, Gęsia street and Franciszkańska street. Dawid Berliński's group took position in second part of Nalewki. Roman Winsztok commanded group near Muranowska, where also the headquarters of the Union was located (Muranowska 7/9 street).[6] Photograph of ZZW headquarters at 2 Muranow Street Warsaw [8]

After the war

Already during the war the influence and the importance of the Żydowski Związek Wojskowy was being downgraded. The surviving commanders of the leftist ŻOB either did not mention the ŻZW's fight in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in their writings at all,[2] or belittled its importance.[9] Also the war-time Soviet propaganda did only briefly mention the fighters as they collided with its aims of presenting the Soviet Union as the only defender of the European Jewry.[10] In addition, except for David Wdowiński none of the high-ranking commanders of the ŻZW survived the war to tell their part of the story and it was not until 1963 that Wdowiński's memoirs[6] were published.

This led to a number of myths concerning both the ŻZW and the Uprising being commonly repeated in many modern publications.[11] This was even strengthened by the post-war propaganda of the Polish communists, who openly underlined the value of the leftist Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa, while suppressed all publications on the Armia Krajowa-backed ŻZW.[2]

The “Contact” ring used as a sign between the ŻZW and the Armia Krajowa is displayed in Yad Vashem. A means of identification, used in particular during meetings of higher level officers, were two identical gold rings set with a red stone engraved with Jewish symbols. It was not enough for the contacts to show the ring, they were expected to explain the significance of the symbols.

The ring that was in the possession of the Jewish underground fighters, was destroyed in the ruins of the Ghetto. Its twin remained in the hands of Henryk Iwanski, the leader of the Polish underground and later brought to the museum in Jerusalem, Israel.[12]

See also

Notes and references

In-line:
  1. ^ http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/2/201
  2. ^ a b c d e f (Polish) Maciej Kledzik (October 2002). "ŻZW; Appelbaum w cieniu Anielewicza". Rzeczpospolita 10 (12). 2002-10-11. http://polish-jewish-heritage.org/Pol/listopad_zwiazek.html. Retrieved 2006-05-09. 
  3. ^ Some sources render his surname as Appelbaum; in fact most surnames mentioned in this article are often misspelt in the sources, cf. Frenkel - Frenkiel, Wajnsztok - Weinsztok; see also Kledzik, op.cit.
  4. ^ a b c (English) Moshe Arens (May 2003). "The Changing Face of Memory: Who Defended The Warsaw Ghetto?". Jerusalem Post. http://www.freeman.org/m_online/may03/arens.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-09. 
  5. ^ By Polish resistance standards obviously; see also Moshe Arens, op.cit.
  6. ^ a b c d e (English) David Wdowiński (1963). And we are not saved. New York: Philosophical Library. pp. 222. ISBN 0802224865.  Note: Chariton and Lazar were never co-authors of Wdowiński's memoir. Wdowiński is considered the "single author."
  7. ^ (Polish) "ŻYDOWSKI ZWIĄZEK WOJSKOWY". PWN encyclopedia. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwa Naukowe. 2005. 
  8. ^ [1]
  9. ^ (English) Icchak Cukierman (1993). A surplus of memory: chronicle of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 702. ISBN 0520078411. 
  10. ^ (Russian) Pyotr Gorelik (August 2003). "КРЕПОСТЬ МАСАДА В ВАРШАВЕ (Masada fortress in Warsaw)". Zametki po Evreiskoy Istorii 2002-08-30 (32). http://berkovich-zametki.com/Nomer32/Gorelik1.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-09. 
  11. ^ (Russian) Aleksandr Svishchev (July 2003). "Восстание в Варшавском гетто. Мифы и действительность (Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: myths and facts". Еврейские новости (Jewish News) 2003-07-23 (27 (51)). http://berkovich-zametki.com/Nomer32/Svischev1.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-09. 
  12. ^ [Yad-Vashem's website http://www1.yadvashem.org/exhibitions/museums/histmuseum/from_coll/data/ring.html]
General:
  1. (English) Chaim Lazar (1966). Muranowska 7: the Warsaw Ghetto rising. Tel Aviv: Massada P.E.C. Press. p. 341. ISBN. 
  2. (Polish) Maciej Kledzik (June 2004). "Zapomniani żołnierze (Forgotten Soldiers)". Rzeczpospolita 136 (2004-06-12). http://www.rzeczpospolita.pl/specjal_040612/specjal_a_10.html. Retrieved 2006-05-09. 

Further reading

External links